The book Eating Fossil Fuels looks at agriculture and our food supply through the lens of energy and energy balance. When you add up the energy inputs of fertilizer, pesticide, herbicide, irrigation, and tilling, the food produced on a typical acre of land today takes many more calories of energy to produce than the maximum energy that could possibly be generated from the sun through photosynthesis. Where does the extra energy come from? Mostly from fossil fuels. What does this mean? The current food system is unsustainable and in many more ways than most people realize. If you look at the energy content of the food we eat, we are literally eating fossil fuels.
Emerging infectious diseases that start with a fever or a rash can pose a risk to public health because they might not be recognized at the early stages when containment or treatment is possible. After September 11, our fears were stoked by anthrax. Then came SARS, and we still wait anxiously for bird flu.
A patent recently issued to Health Hero Network describes a simple but powerful idea that addresses the pandemic challenge by enabling near-real-time syndromic surveillance that can be adapted on the fly. Easy-to-navigate survey devices collect data from hospital waiting rooms, school nurses, and other points of care. The survey script can be changed and updated remotely by public health authorities based on the latest information. The devices report data to central computers that look for any unusual patterns and then alert public health authorities immediately so that they can investigate further.
Disease outbreaks that look like the flu at the beginning can be hard to detect early because flu-like symptoms are common and are not always reported. The first cases of an outbreak may be spread out over many different clinics, hospitals, and schools in a metropolitan area. Unusual patterns might emerge only when looking at a broader cross section of a region. The other challenge is that we may not know what data is relevant and important at the beginning stages of an outbreak. Where it might have been fever, rash, and working in a mail room for one threat, it might be diarrhea and travel to a specific region or eating a particular food in another threat.
While many efforts have been discussed and may even be underway to facilitate early detection of outbreaks by sifting through electronic medical records and pharmacy data, the most important information might be missed because no one knew to ask the right question. When we do figure out what question to ask, we won’t have time to add fields to medical records or change forms. Our public health authorities need the ability to change the script as soon as they learn new information.
Despite the simplicity of the approach, it is not easy to organize health systems around new ways of doing things. On the other hand, maybe we won’t need to. Public health surveys could be pushed to iPhone users, for example. There just might be enough iPhones out there by now to provide a statistically significant sample size enabling highly sensitive early detection of potential public health emergencies.
More information on Health Hero Network patents.